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Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) is currently the “gold-standard” test for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD). ITT is often contraindicated, however, particularly in conditions that are also common in patients with suspected GHD. Used alone, GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) has no diagnostic value owing to within-subject variability and the inability to distinguish GHD from normal...
Posttranslational processing of the pro-growth hormone-releasing hormone (proGHRH) peptide can result in the formation of at least two peptide products: GHRH and the C-terminal peptide, GHRH-related peptide (GHRH-Rp). While cyclic adenosine monophosphate transduces many of the actions of GHRH, other pathways also have been implicated in its actions. The aims of this study were to examine and characterize...
In this study we analyzed whether corticosterone synthesis is involved in the regulation of adrenal gland type II deiodinase (AG-D2) activity during acute cold exposure. Two well-known inhibitors of steroidogenesis, aminoglutethimide (AGT) and metyrapone (MTP), were administered to male Wistar rats maintained either at room temperature or acutely exposed to cold (1 h at 4°C). AG-D2 activity was measured...
Fifty children ages 4–10 yr with type 1 diabetes mellitus volunteered to participate in a study to evaluate and compare a new needle-free device developed for growth hormone delivery. Children answered descriptive questions related to nervousness and worry, hurt or pain, redness or bleeding, and stinging and wetness. Choices for answers for each of these five questions were none, a little, or a lot...
In an open-label study, 69 children with organic or idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD) were treated with recombinant human growth hormone (Saizen®) for an average of 64.4 mo, with treatment periods as long as 140.9 mo. Auxologic measurements, including height velocity, height standard deviation score, and bone age, were made on a regular basis. The data suggest that long-term treatment with...
The preadipocyte-adipocyte conversion process from two intraabdominal (parametrial and perirenal fat depots) is differently affected by ovarian status in the rat. We have tested the hypothesis that these sitespecific alterations of adipogenesis might be related to changes in the expression of the transcription factors c-myc and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPα,-β, and-ζ) that regulate proliferation...
In the past 10 yr, the potential benefits of treatment with growth hormone (GH) in children born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) have been well documented. In this study, 46 children with IUGR received 3 yr of GH treatment (0.2 IU/kg of body wt) followed by a further 3 yr of observation without treatment. Height velocity (HV) increased dramatically during the first year of treatment, and...
Stathmin is a highly conserved, phosphorylated cytosolic protein that is found at decreased levels in all cells as they become more terminally differentiated, or when they decrease in their rate of proliferation. This study examined the hypothesis that stathmin levels in growth plate chondrocytes decreases as endochondral maturation increases. To test this hypothesis, we used a costochondral growth...
To investigate a possible neurotropic role for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the central nervous system, we used recombinant antisense TRH adenovirus (TRHav) to “knock out” TRH in cultured 17-d fetal rat diencephalon. The morphology along with β-galactosidase (β-gal) enzyme histochemistry (X-gal staining) and TRH content (femtomoles/well) were used to measure the effect of antisense TRH virus...
Steroid hormones are involved in several fundamental aspects of all living beings, with a few slight chemical differences among steroids being enough to give them the extraordinarily diverse biologic specificities that are important in animal physiology and medical therapeutics. Indeed, in the uterus, they have a remarkable action on uterine contractility with physiologic significance in the important...
With increasing case reports, it has been indicated that some cases with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) show abnormal responses in cortisol to various stimulation tests. Here we report a case of AIMAH that showed an aberrant response to angiotensin II via AT1 receptor in cortisol hypersecretion. A 53-yr-old man was admitted to our division seeking...
Short stature is one of the main features of Turner syndrome. Today, most patients are treated with growth hormone (GH) to improve adult height. We have reviewed the literature reporting adult height in patients with Turner syndrome treated with GH alone or in combination with oxandrolone. The reported adult heights as well as the height gain over projected or predicted height are still preliminary...
Pancreatic β-cells from obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice are widely used for studying the mechanisms of insulin release, including its regulation by the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In this study, we compared changes of [Ca2+]i in single β-cells isolated from ob/ob mice with those from lean mice using dual-wavelength microfluorometry and the indicator fura-2. There were no differences...
Androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) influence distinct physiologic responses in steroid-responsive cells despite their shared ability to selectively bind in vitro to the same canonical DNA sequence (TGTTCT). While the DNA-binding domains (DBDs) of these receptors are highly conserved, the amino N-terminal domain (NTD) and hormone-binding domain (HBD) are evolutionarily divergent...
Saizen® (recombinant growth hormone [GH]), 0.2 mg/(kg·wk), was given in an open-label fashion for an average of 51 mo to 27 children with presumed idiopathic GH deficiency who had withdrawn from a trial of Geref® (recombinant GH-releasing hormone [GHRH] 1–29) because of inadequate height velocity (HV) (25 children), the onset of puberty (1 child), or injection site reactions (1 child). Measurements...
Hormones, cytokines, and related proteins (such as soluble hormone receptors) play an important role as therapeutic agents. Most hormone receptors signal through a mechanism that involves phosphorylation of the receptor's tyrosine residues. At any given moment, the receptor's phosphorylation state depends on the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities. Recent findings point to the exciting possibility...
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